Biological Method of Study

 

Different stages of biological method are:

 

1 -Observation:

 

After determination of any problem observations are made to collect information. Malaria was a dreadful disease in past. Many people die with this. There was no treatment of malaria. Scientist made following observations in this regard:

 

1. i) Malaria and marshy places were some how associated.
2. ii) Quinine from cinchona bark was an effective remedy for malaria.

iii) Malarial patients always have parasite in their blood.

1. iv) Drinking marshy water did not cause malaria.

 

Observations of A.F.A King:

 

A.F.A King made his observations in 1883. His observations were:

 

1. i) People who slept outdoors in open spaces suffered more from malaria than those who slept indoors.
2. ii) People who slept under mosquito nets did not suffer from malaria.

iii) Person who slept near smoky fire also did not suffer form malaria.

 

2-Hypothesis:

 

Some propositions are made in the light of observations which is called hypothesis.

 

The characteristics of a good hypothesis are:

1. i) It is close to observed facts.
2. ii) The deductions can be drawn from it.

iii) The deductions could be tested experimentally.

1. iv) Results should be produced. Either positive or negative.

Regarding malaria the hypothesis made was:

“Plasmodium is the cause of malaria”

 

3-Deduction:

 

Logical conclusion drawn from hypothesis are called deductions.

 

Regarding malaria deduction was made:

“If plasmodium is the cause of malaria, then all person ill with malaria should have plasmodium in their blood.”

 

4-Exgeriments:

 

Experiments are designed to test the deduction.

Regarding malaria scientists examined the blood of 100 healthy persons and 100 affected person.

 

Experiment of Ronald Ross:

 

Ronald Ross performed experiments in 1880.

1. i) He observed that plasmodium was growing and multiplying in the stomach of female Anopheles mosquito.
2. ii) Malaria was the disease which has no treatment in those days therefore he selected sparrows for experiment.

iii) He allowed some mosquitoes to bite a malarial sparrow.

1. iv) Then he allowed those mosquitoes to bite a healthy sparrow.
2. v) The healthy sparrow also suffered from malaria.
3. vi) In this way he proves that plasmodium is the real cause of malaria and they are transmitted by mosquitoes.

 

5-Results:

Most the malarial patients had plasmodium in their blood. This experiment verified the above deduction for malaria.

 

6-Theory:

When a hypothesis has been proved by consistent results it becomes a theory.

 

7-Scientific Principal:

When a theory can explain many natural phenomena and consistently supported by experiments, and also universally accepted by scientists it becomes a scientific principal.

 

We can worry about long-term threats because we have dealt with an immediate threat. We are worried that different plastics end up in the water, and this should undoubtedly be a cause for concern. But in the past, water was polluted with more toxic substances. We should be glad that we have made such progress . Many people think it is useful to draw attention to the topic of environmental pollution. However, because of this, we stop noticing the tremendous success achieved in the field of environmental pollution over the past few decades. Ignoring great success is not a very good move.