What are the causes of inflation? How it can be Controlled?
Causes of inflation
Introduction
It represents the rise in general price level. Basically when the state bank of the country issue the over demanded notes then it decrease the value of money. Meanwhile raises the general price level in the market.
Some authors define the inflation as follows By
J.M.Keynes
“Inflation is a rise in price level after the full employment has been achieved”
By R.P Kent
“Inflation is nothing more than a sharp upward movement in the price level”
By Crowther
“In the state of Inflation the prices are raising, i.e. the value of money is falling”
Causes of Inflation
Demand pull Inflation
In which inflation arises due to incr ase in demand of goods. On the other hand supply of the goods not according to demand of consumers at the result price level increase of existing goods, this situation creates the inflation in the market.
Causes of Demand pull inflation
1. Increase in supply of money
Rapid increase in supply of money creates the demand pull inflation. Due to it income of people rises, and they demanded more goods but on the other hand supply not according to demand of goods, at the result price level of existing goods will rise, after it inflation occur.
2. Deficit financing
When government of the country borrows money from banks or prints more notes to finance the projects. These projects become productive after sometimes but the income of the factors engaged with these projects increase suddenly. This increase in income causes increase in aggregate demand for goods. At the result price level of existing goods will rising up.
3. Foreign Remittance
When foreign income of the people increase, due to this purchasing power of the peoples also rising up. But supply of goods not according to requirement of consumers, after it price level of exiting goods will increase due to increase in demand of goods.
4. Rapid increases in population
When the rate of population rises very sharply, then goods are more demanded in the market. But supply of goods and services not is according to demand at the result price level of goods rising up as well as inflation occurs.
5. Increase in wages
When the wages of the employees increased then the income level of peoples will rise as before they earned. Then purchasing power of the consumer increased but on supply side, it’s not according to demand and after it prices are shooting up.
6. Hoarding and smuggling
The artificial shortage called hoa ding may result in rising prices. Similarly, when the output of our country is smuggled abroad, the prices increase due to domestic shortage of goods.
7. High consumption
High level of consumption, just like, adds fuel to the fire of inflation. When people increase their consumption then producer increase the prices of goods, and inflation occurs
8. Black money
It may e rn through smuggling tax evasion etc. increase the demand for luxurious goods. After it prices of these goods rise, and inflation occurs
9. Non-development expenditure
The larger non-development expenditures of a country increase the money supply that creates more demand for goods and services. It thus becomes an active factor to inflationary pressure in a country.
Cost push Inflation
When the cost of production increase and producer raise the price level in the market, it’s called cost push inflation. During the manufacturing process, increase the cost of Factor of Production show the high cost of production, at the result producer reduce the supply of goods due to lesser profit ratio, the general price level increased
Causes of cost push inflation
1. Rising prices of imported goods
When the prices of imported goods increases then cost of producers goods also rises, and for the purpose earning more profit producer rise the price level and meanwhile inflation occurs.
2. Rise in oil and Gas prices
When the government of the country increases the prices of oil and gas for industries etc. then cost of production will rise and after it price also rise and inflation occurs in the market
3. Increase in wages
Due to shortage of skilled and efficient labour in the market, the remaining part raises their wag s l vel. Due to this rise producers will pay more as before. After it cost of the producer will rise and inflation occurs.
4. Increase in indirect Taxes
When increase in indirect taxes (sales tax, excise, duties etc) result in increasing the cost of production of goods after it the manufacturer increased in general price level of the goods.
5. Rise in support prices of agriculture corps
In order to protect the interests of the farmers, the agriculture countries provide support to agricultural products. It has cost push inflationary effect on the economy.
6. Sick industrial units
There are a lot of industrial units which are closed due to shortage of fund. For this reason the output of industry is decreasing and price level rising.
Measurement to control the inflation
Basically inflation is very danger factor for the economy. And for its controlling not only one Measurement is required, so under following some sort of measurement to control the Inflation from the market.
1. Proper check on monetary expansion
Currency notes should issued by central bank of the country according to the requirement of the peoples and industries. If over demanded notes are controlled then day to day inflation also controlled from the market.
2. Deficit financing
The government of the country should control the deficit financing in the form of bank borrowing and printing notes of new currency.
3. Reduction in Tax rates
Government should reform the whole structure of Tax for the purpose of to attracting the new investors and businessmen etc. after it production level increase, as well as pri e falling.
4. Revival of sick industries
The revivals of sick industries units, would increase production and reduce inflation
5. Compulsory saving
The government of the country may start schemes of compulsory savings to take from each person some portion of his income. For the purpose of decreasing saving power of consumers,
6. Reduction in import duties
The reduction in import duties on industrial raw material, machinery and se ected consumer item would greatly help in checking smuggling and controlling inflation in the country.
7. Price control committee .
Price committees must be formulated to control the price level. The weekend markets must be introduced in order to stabilize the price level.
8. Consumer courts
The consumer courts can contribute a lot to control inflation in the country.
9. Increase in production
The increase in production of goods is helpful to increase the supply in the market. The increased production can regulate the price level.
10. Control of investment
The govt. should control the investment for those areas where the output equal to zero. And motivate the level of investment where the productivity level rises.
11. Control on marriage expenditure
The govt. control on excessive spending on marriage ceremonies can greatly help in controlling inflation.
12. Special bazaars
The govt. should arrangement for holding Friday, Tuesday, and Sunday bazaars in big cities to ensure the availability of fruits, vegetable and kitchen items at fair prices, will helpful to control the inflation.
Conclusion
As above discussed inflation is very difficult to control. But being a Muslims we have a strong Believe on Allah, because Allah can do everything. If we spend our life according to Islam then all the problems a e easily remove from the economy. Richer give the Zakat to poorer, then they can buy basic necessities of life. And all above measurement are interlink each other if these are implemented by the govt. then we can say 5 to 10 year required to remove the inflation from the market.
Roles of analysts and engineers. Positions.
The roles are played by a variety of practices that change the world, these are not “observers”, as in physics! Observers in physics do not change anything in the world, they may have an object of their interest (what they observe), but there is no preference in this interest, and the performer of the role of the observer does not have any strategy that forces the observer to be just an observer. Observers in physics act like instruments: they simply note facts. Yes, even in quantum mechanics, observers do not change the world [In quantum physics, the observer problem is solved in Everett’s “many-worlds” interpretation, and on the basis of this interpretation, David Deutsch in 1985 proved that it is possible to make a universal quantum computer, quantum physics without observers and physically existing probability (that is, deterministic physics) to phenomena turned out to be very practical, in its explanations there are significantly fewer inexplicable paradoxes.
The role of the analyst as an “understander for himself” when coupled with the role of the decision-maker of the synthetic in the general role of the engineer becomes a full-fledged project role. If an “analyst” offers something as a recommendation
