Short Note on Pinus   Habitat:   Pinus is found growing at an altitude of 5000-8000 feet.     Structure:   i) It is sporophyte, evergreen and quite tall tree.   ii) It consists of extensive root system and strong branches.   iii) Upper branches becomes short and tree assume the shape of a cone.…

Characteristics of Gymnosperms   i) Gymnosperms are naked seeded vascular plants.   ii) Nearly all gymnosperms are evergreen woody trees.   iii) Vessels are absent from the wood of most gymnosperms, so their wood is called soft wood.   iv) They are divided into four groups. The largest and important is conifers.   v) They…

Structure of Ferns   Habitat:   Ferns prefer cool, humid and shady habitats. They grow on damp places of wells and bridges, on banks of waterfalls and streams and under the shade of trees.   Size:   Ferns are small plants. Their size range is from few inches to few feet. However tree ferns reach…

General Characteristics of Pteridophytes   i) The plant body of Pteridophytes has true roots, stem and leaves.   ii) They have vascular tissues.   iii) They do not bear flowers, fruits and seeds.   iv) Both sporophyte and gametophyte generations are independent and free living.   v) The gametophyte is much reduced and smaller in…

Harmful effects of Algae   i) It spoils the taste of drinking water and gives it bad odour.   ii) Some algae produce toxic materials in water, which produce diseases in cattle.   iii) Algae growing on fountains, pools and falls of recreational sites spoil their beauty.   iv) Too much growth of algae in…

Uses of Algae   i) They are source of food for aquatic animals.   ii) Algae carry out 90% of photosynthesis taking place in aquatic environment.   iii) Some marine algae are used for food by animals and man.   iv) They are also used as manure in the fields.   v) They are also…

Short Note on Spirogyra   i) It is multicellular filamentous green alga.   ii) It is found in fresh water ponds, lakes and streams.   iii) Filamentous thallus consists of many cylindrical cells which are joined from end to end to form long, unbranched filaments.   iv) Each cell of spirogyra is usually twice as…

Short Note on Chlamydomonas   i) It is single celled fresh water alga.   ii) It is commonly found in ponds and drains.   iii) It can be clearly seen under microscope.   iv) It is spherical oval or pear shaped.   v) The cell is enclosed in a cell wall the maintain its shape.…

General Characteristics of Algae   i) Algae are simple eukaryotes.   ii) They are chlorophyllous and can prepare their own food.   iii) They have cellulose in cell wall.   iv) Their reproductive organs are unicellular and body is simple.   v) They are placed in kingdom protista.   vi) They are mostly aquatic.  …

Harmful effects of Fungi   i) Fungi causes many diseases in man, animals and plants.   ii) They causes smut and smut diseases in plants.   iii) Some fungi causes thrush in man’s throat   iv) Saprotrophic fungi causes a lot of damage of food, wood and lather materials.   v) Some fungi produce toxic…